What Are Parts Of Speech? 8 Parts of Speech Definitions and Examples | The Nouns | The Verbs | Adjectives | Adverbs | Pronouns | Prepositions | Conjunctions | Interjections | Determiners & Articles

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What Are Parts Of Speech?

Parts of speech are word categories that are defined by the grammatical roles they play in sentence structures. The categories of words are organized by the grammatical functions and meanings they produce and convey.

In the English language, there are around ten common parts of speech. These include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, determiners, and articles.

Open and Closed Word Classes

Closed word classes are parts of speech that are consistent and do not have newer words introduced to them over time. These include pronouns, conjunctions, determiners, and prepositions.

Open word classes are parts of speech that have newer words introduced to them over time. These include nouns, verbs, adjectives, interjections, and adverbs.

Different Parts of Speech (with Examples)

In this section, we are going to look a little more closely at the various parts of speech such as the verb, the noun, and the adjective, amongst others. This will allow us to gain a better understanding of how a sentence is formed and how the various parts of speech work.

The Noun (n.)

A noun is a word that gives a name to something, in some cases, you might hear them referred to as a ‘naming word.’ There are various different subcategories of nouns such as the proper noun, the collective noun, the possessive noun, and the common noun. Each one of these serves a different purpose, let’s look at this a little more closely.

Examples:

Jeffrey, Korea, pen, New Year, dog, cat, elephant, garden, school, work, music, town, Manila, teacher, farmer, Bob, Sean, Michael, police officer, France, coffee, football, danger, happiness…

Example sentences:

• The teacher told the children to stop chattering in class.
• John is good at French but weak at History.

The Common Noun

A common noun is the most simple form of a noun and gives a name to an item.

• Here is a cup.
• Do you want a cake?

The Proper Noun

The proper noun is used to name a specific item, for example, the names of places or people or perhaps a movie or song title.

• The capital of England is London.
• Sarah is beautiful.

The Collective Noun

A collective noun is used to refer to a group of nouns, for example, people or animal groups.

• The swarm of bees was headed straight towards our picnic
• .At church on Sunday, the choir sings loudly.

The Possessive Noun

A possessive noun is used to show ownership of something, this is done by adding an apostrophe and an s, like in the following examples.

• This is my dog’s ball.
• That is Sarah’s friend.

The Verb (v.)

A verb is one of the most important parts of speech and is a word that is used to describe an action. There are three main types of verbs which are detailed below.

Examples:

Walk, is, seem, realize, run, see, swim, stand, go, have, get, promise, invite, listen, sing, sit, laugh, walk…

Verb example sentences:

• Don’t try to run before you can walk.
• Did you kiss anybody?
• Leave me alone!

The Action Verb

An action verb does exactly what you might expect, it describes an action.

• The man walked down the street.
• I laughed at his joke.
• She ran to catch the bus before it left.
• The chef chopped the vegetables into small pieces for the salad.

The Linking Verb

A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun, adjective, or pronoun that describes or renames it. It does not show action, but rather links or connects the subject to a complement.

• Sarah feels cold.
• I am very tired.
• The flowers in the garden are blooming beautifully in the spring.
• The soup smells delicious and makes my mouth water.

The Modal Verb

A modal verb is used to ‘help’ the main verb and can show the speaker’s thoughts or attitude about what they are saying. For example, words such as might, must, could and can are all modal verbsI might walk to the park this afternoon.He can eat the last slice of cake.You must listen to me!

The Pronoun (pron.)

A pronoun replaces a noun, and once again there are various types of pronouns within the English language. Each one is used differently, let’s take a look at some examples of this.

Examples:

I, me, we, you, he, she, yours, himself, its, my, that, this, those, us, who, whom

Pronoun example sentences:

• Richard isn’t at work this week; he‘s gone on holiday.
• Don’t tell her the truth.
• She tried it herself.
• You can’t blame him for everything.
• The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.

The Reflexive Pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is used to refer to self, for example, myself, yourself, or themselves.

• I am going to keep this last cupcake for myself.
• Peter always puts himself first.

The Indefinite Pronoun

The indefinite pronoun is used to refer to a non-specific person or item, you might see words such as anything, nothing, few, everyone or all.

• Can you take all?
• I need to speak to someone about this rash on my arm.

The Possessive Pronoun

Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership or possession of a noun or object. They replace a noun phrase and indicate who owns or possesses the noun or object, for example, yours, mine, or theirs. 

• This bag is not yours, it’s mine.
• Her book is so new, while his looks are vintage. 

The Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is used to introduce an adjective clause. You might recognize these as words such as who, which, that, or whose.

• This is the woman who will be working with you.
• Is this the book that everyone is raving about?

The Adjective (adj.)

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun, there are thousands of adjectives within the English language.

Examples:

Beautiful, seven, cute, second, tall, blue, angry, brave, careful, healthy, little, old, generous, red, smart, two, small, tall, some, good, big, useful, interesting…

Brown dog, red car, tall boy, fat cat, big garden.

Adjective example sentences:

• This is a blue car.
• The small squirrel ran up the tree.
• During the thunderstorm, we saw some heavy rain.
• My mother has short hair.
• The documentary on TV last night was very interesting.
• My son has an impressive collection of toy soldiers.
• The weather is hot and sunny today.
• My vacation was exciting.
• The leaves on that tree are green and large.

The Adverb (adv.)

An adverb is used to modify, or further explain an adjective, verb, or another adverb. They can add more information to a sentence making it clearer and easier for the listener to imagine what is being described in detail. Most of the time, adverbs will end in the letters -ly but there are some exceptions to this rule such as the words “very” and “never”.

Examples:

Neatly, tomorrow, very, badly, fully, carefully, hardly, nearly, hungrily, never, quickly, silently, well, really, almost…

Adverb example sentences:

• This is an extremely attractive photograph.
• I have a very large pet dog.
• My car drives quickly.
• When I am running late for work, I eat my breakfast rapidly.
• The boy is crying loudly.
• She carefully preserved all his letters.

Determiners and Articles

Determiners and articles are parts of speech that are used with nouns or noun phrases to clarify them. They are usually placed in front of nouns (or noun phrases) and can help specify their identity, quantity, distance (from the speaker), or specific number (among other things).

Determiners

Determiners are a part of speech that are placed in front of nouns to clarify their reference. They include categories such as:

• Articles – a, an, the
• Numbers – two, eight, ninety-nine
• Pronouns and possessive determiners – his, her, its, your, my, their, our
• Difference determiners – other, the other, another
• Demonstratives – these, those, that, this
• Quantifiers – a little, a few, much, many, some, any, enough, most
• Distributives – half, both, every, each, all, neither, either
• Pre-determiners – quite, such, rather, what.

Articles

Articles are a sub-category of determiners that serve as a type of adjective to identify nouns. They may be:

• Definitive – which indicates that the noun’s identity is already known to the audience. The word the would be a definitive article because it indicates a noun that is already known to the reader/audience (“I am going to sit in the chair.”), or
• Indefinite – indicates an unfamiliar noun, or references a noun for the first time, or shows a noun belongs to a certain class of objects. The words a and an are considered indefinite articles (“I am going to sit in a chair.”, “You are an accountant.”, or “I was born on a Thursday.”).

The Conjunction (conj.)

A conjunction is used as a way of joining two or more ideas or words together. Most commonly you will see the words for, and, not, but, or, yet and so used as a conjunction.

Examples:

And, however, still, but, or, so, after, since, before, either, neither, because, unless…

Conjunction example sentences:

• My boyfriend and I are going on a date.
• I will go to the shop but not before I have had something to eat.
• This is a gift for my friend.
• I was tired yet I still went to the gym.

The Preposition (prep.)

A preposition is used in English to show a relationship between two words or phrases. You might recognize a preposition as being words such as in, before, on, at, to, between etc.

Examples:

In, on, at, about, according to, after, along, above, except, from, near, of, before, since, between, upon, with, to, after, toward…

Preposition example sentences:

• The cat is sitting on the wall.
• I am going to the salon after my dinner.
• The boy ran along the street for an hour.
• You will find the theatre in the town center.
• I saw that news in the newspapers.

The Interjection (interj.)

An interjection could also be thought of as an exclamation. They are used to emotion, reaction or excitement and have no grammatical link to anything else within the sentence they appear.

Examples:

Ahem!, aha!, gosh!, aw!, great!, hey!, hi!, hooray!, oh!, yeah!, oops!, phew!, eh!, oh!, ouch!, hi!, well!…

Interjection examples in sentences:

• Phew! That was a close call.
• Wow! Did you see how big that bird was?
• Oh, I forgot to tell you that I saw your father last week.
• Hooray! You passed your exam!
• Well, what did he say?
• Yeah! She’s going with us tonight!

How To Determine A Part Of Speech In A Sentence

In order to determine a part of speech in a sentence, look at the word being used, its context, and what meanings it brings to the sentence structure. Here are some questions you can ask about a particular word in a sentence in order to figure out what part of speech it is:

• Is it a person, place, idea, name, or thing? It is a noun.
• Is the word used in place of a noun?  It is a pronoun.
• Does the word convey an action, occurrence, or state of being?  It is a verb.
• Does the word modify a noun?  It is an adjective.
• Does the word modify a verb, adjective, or itself? It is an adverb.
• Is the word placed in front of a noun to form a modifying phrase? It is a preposition.
• Does the word link a phrase or clause? It is a conjunction.
• Is the word a quick expression of emotion? It is an interjection.
• Is the word placed before a noun to clarify it? It is a determiner or an article, as explained above.

Parts of Speech and Sentence Construction

In sentence construction, parts of speech are present in what are known as the clauses of sentences. Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a verb. The verb is also part of an entire verb phrase known as a predicate.

Simple/Basic Sentences

In its simplest form, a sentence can have one independent clause.

For example, the sentence “I walk to the store” contains one clause.

• “I” is the subject of the clause, while “walk” is the verb.
• The ending phrase, “walk to the store” would be the verb phrase, or predicate, of the sentence.

This entire sentence “I walk to the store” is an independent clause, expresses one subject doing one action — and is known as a simple sentence.

Knowing this, apply the fact that nouns and pronouns will often be the subjects or objects of simple sentences, while verbs will convey actions. So once again:

• I (subject, pronoun) walk (verb) to (preposition) the (article) store (object, noun).

Complex Sentences

Complex sentences contain an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. These sentences use conjunctions such as because, since, which, or who to connect clauses. Consider the structure and an example below:

• Independent Clause: She reads a book
• Dependent Clause: because she wants to learn

By combining these clauses, one forms a complex sentence: She reads a book because she wants to learn.

Other examples of complex sentences: 

• Although the weather was cold, they decided to go for a hike.
• She completed her assignment before she went out with her friends.
• When you finish your homework, we can go to the movies.
• Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave.
• If you save your money, you can buy a new bicycle.